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The sliding filament theory is the most widely accepted explanation for how a muscle contraction occurs. Identify several other health benefits of physical exercise. At the resting position, the Ia afferents of spindles in the triceps muscle fire at a steady rate to encode the present length of the muscle, and the Ib afferents of the Golgi tendon organs of the biceps muscle fire at a low rate. Other organ systems rely on this calcium for action (specifically, muscle contraction and neural signaling). Group IV afferent fibers are not part of the muscle spindle. Therefore, an increase in muscle size generally causes an increase in strength, and a decrease in muscle size generally causes a decrease in strength. How does physical exercise compare with antidepressant drugs in the treatment of depression? Name a muscular system disorder involving tendons. Many skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs to move bones back and forth at joints. 10 Sensory Innervation of Muscle Spindles. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in the red bone marrow. Chapter 6 the muscular system answer key strokes. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle. Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, and the triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of this tissue can be released to serve as a source of energy for other tissues of the body. Carpal tunnel syndrome may be treated by wearing a wrist splint, receiving corticosteroid injections, or undergoing surgery to cut the carpal ligament and reduce pressure on the median nerve.

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Making the same movement while removing a 2-lb weight from your pocket may result in the same trajectory of your hand, but will require different sets of forces on the muscles that make the movement. They are attached to actin filaments. A typical muscle spindle is composed of 1 dynamic nuclear bag fiber, 1 static nuclear bag fiber, and ~5 nuclear chain fibers. Lateral curvatures (scoliosis) can be severe enough to slip under the shoulder blade (scapula) forcing it up as a hump. This chapter is divided into three main sections: muscle basics and cellular components, naming of the muscles, and cat muscles with dissection. Chapter 6 the muscular system answer key. Many people who overwork their muscles develop delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), which may be caused by tiny tears in muscle fibres. What is muscle tissue?

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These fibers generate more force than slow-twitch fibers, but they are not able to maintain the force as long as the slow-twitch fibers. What is the function of mitochondria in muscle cells? Two terms are used to describe the anatomical relationship between motor neurons and muscles: the motor neuron pool and the motor unit. Muscular system worksheet pdf answer key. Alpha-gamma coactivation ensures that muscle spindles maintain sensitivity to stretch over a wide range of muscle lengths. Note, however, that its firing rate is still higher than it was before the stretch, as it is now encoding the new length of the muscle. In the areas of the skeleton where whole bones move against each other (for example, joints like the shoulder or between the bones of the spine), cartilages, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement. The unique connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is referred to as bone marrow.

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Without the skeletal system, you would be a limp mass of organs, muscle, and skin. For example, as a child grows and its body changes, different constraints are placed on the motor system in terms of the size and mass of bones and muscles. In each case, the final output is a set of commands to certain muscles in the body to exert force against some other object or forces (e. g., gravity). The number of fibers innervated by a motor unit is called its innervation ratio. Thus, there is a one-to-one relationship between a muscle and a motor neuron pool. Motor neurons are clustered in columnar, spinal nuclei called motor neuron pools (or motor nuclei). Give one example of connective tissue that is found in muscles. Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal fibers, the highly contracting fibers that supply the muscle with its power. The motor system must generate movements that are adaptive and that accomplish the goals of the organism. Without red blood cells, your tissues would not be able to produce ATP using oxygen. Answer the following questions about these arm muscles. Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon. Is the situation described in part (a) more likely to be an isometric or isotonic contraction? This nerve is then unable to adequately stimulate the muscles that it innervates, causing muscle weakness.

Chapter 6 The Muscular System Answer Key

Connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored. Cat Muscles Lab Guide - checklist of the muscles you need to identify on the cat. Sample answer: Astronauts can easily loss muscle mass in space because they are in a weightless environment. Instead, they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and other substances. The organ is innervated by primary afferents called Group Ib fibers, which have specialized endings that weave in between the collagen fibers. Why is skeletal muscle tissue striated? In addition to the use of proprioception to sense the position of the body before a movement, the motor system must use other sensory information in order to perform the movement accurately. Other health benefits of physical exercise include improved sleep, better immune system function, and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Intrafusal fibers do not contribute significantly to muscle force.

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Sets found in the same folder. If the motor neuron fires after the muscle has returned to baseline, then the magnitude of the next muscle twitch will be the same as the first twitch. Attribute specific functions of the skeletal system to specific components or structures. Usually, however, our conscious actions require not only sensory input but a host of other cognitive processes that allow us to choose the most appropriate motor output for the given circumstances. What may explain the positive benefits of physical exercise on cognition? Sample answer: Smooth muscles in the blood vessels can contract to cause vasoconstriction, or relax to cause vasodilation. The term muscle fibre is mainly used to describe muscle cells in skeletal and cardiac muscles. For one, the bone tissue acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium, and phosphorus. Some adverse effects may occur if exercise is extremely intense and the body is not given proper rest between exercise sessions. A skeletal muscle contraction is an increase in the tension or a decrease in the length of a skeletal muscle. Imagine if walking across the room required thinking about planting the foot at each step, paying attention to the movement of each muscle in the leg and making sure that the appropriate forces and contraction speeds are taking place. Explore our Web site. Why does this orderly recruitment occur?

List four characteristic signs of the disorder. Myokines are endocrine hormones that promote tissue repair and growth and have anti-inflammatory effects. Compensation for the physical characteristics of the body and muscles. The function of mitochondria in muscle cells is to provide energy for the muscles in the form of ATP, through aerobic respiration. Please read our Terms of Use and Privacy Notice before you. This is because the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is necessary to trigger muscle contractions at the neuromuscular junction by binding to its receptors on the muscle fibres. A Golgi tendon organ is made up of a capsule containing numerous collagen fibers (Figure 1. Why can carpal tunnel syndrome cause muscle weakness in the hands?

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