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From this view, food selection is a quest for substances (whether nutrients or drugs) that provide homeostatic utility for the organism (Villalba and Provenza, 2007). Interpersonal and prosocial effects of psilocybin would have mediated the expansion of social bonding mechanisms such as laughter, singing, dancing, storytelling, and religion, generating feedback and an ecological inheritance (see below for definitions of these concepts) that systematically biased the human evolutionary trajectory toward a socio-cognitive niche. So, for example, in the case of humans, fire use created selection for biological adaptations to cooked food (Wrangham, 2009); increased and diversified "tool" use favored neurobiological changes sustaining innovation and instruction–learning (Iriki and Taoka, 2012; Stout and Chaminade, 2012); and, more recently, dairy farming selected for lactase persistence (Tishkoff et al., 2007).

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It also emphasizes the interactions between genetic and cultural processes over evolutionary time (Richerson et al., 2010). Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. Only shamans with exceptional abilities relative to others gain status (Garfield et al., 2020), and this involves providing benefits to the community as well as imposing reasonable costs (people accept this costs because they entail assurance of supernatural protection from a powerful figure). Inventory records for dunbar incorporated revealed the following statements. The expansion of sociality and inter-generational cultural learning in our lineage was thus crucial for the reliable preservation of various types of expertise and the expansion of cognitive capital via cumulative cultural evolution (Sterelny, 2012, 2014). Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity. Thus, for instance, among the Tukano from the Colombian Amazon, psychedelic yagé (Banisteriopsis caapi + Diplopterys cabrerana) is administered during the Yuruparí dance rites, an ancestor ceremony for initiation of young men into adult male society (Hugh-Jones, 1979; Jackson, 1983). 1007/s12231-016-9342-2. If organisms evolve in response to selection pressures modified by their ancestors, there is feedback in the system (Odling-Smee et al., 2003).

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Passanisi, A., Santo Di Nuovo, L., and Urgese, C. The influence of musical expression on creativity and interpersonal relationships in children. Shaman's adroit maneuvering and use of legerdemain is thus justified by their cause: promoting individual and community health and well-being (Hansen, 2001). Psicogente 13, 174–192. Financial Accounting Midterm Chapter #6 Flashcards. Winkelman and Sessa's (2019) edited volume contains reviews of clinical evidence showing the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics in the treatment of various health conditions, including anxiety, trauma, treatment-resistant depression, as well as personality, inflammatory, and autoimmune conditions (also see Szabo, 2019; Thompson and Szabo, 2020). How do we know that psychedelics were not frequently used by shamans in a Machiavellian way to mislead other community members to their own advantage (and to the detriment of their followers)?

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We recognize that a simplistic version of McKenna's account of human evolution implying that psilocybin use by itself led inevitably to the emergence of the unique cognitive, communicative, and cooperative patterns characteristic of modern human populations is most certainly false. All of this reinforced "ostensive detachment, " leading people to deem such divinatory statements as less likely to be influenced by anyone's intentions or interest, ultimately favoring efficient coordination (see Boyer, 2020). Under these conditions of demands for functioning in a socio-cognitive niche, higher-order executive tasks such as social learning, working memory, and behavioral flexibility became increasingly important; this generated an increased demand for sufficient levels of 5-HT to modulate the function of the prefrontal cortex, on which these skills critically depend (see Puig and Gulledge, 2011). This novel form of socially infused thinking (Tomasello, 2014) entails unique cognitive skills and motivations for collaborating and communicating with others, such as an altruistic and egalitarian orientation and the capacity to mindread in order to enhance interpersonal coordination (Bernhard et al., 2006; Fehr et al., 2008; Heyes and Frith, 2014). Foragers mainly utilize psychedelics in shamanic rituals (Harner, 1973; Dobkin de Ríos, 1984; Winkelman, 2010, 2013a) indicating a key aspect of psychedelic instrumentalization was incorporation into prosocial contexts involving synchronic activities (e. g., ritual, drumming, dancing, and singing) that were the precursors to shamanism (Winkelman, 2011a, b, 2019b, 2021c). Terms in this set (24). DMN roles in self and social cognition (Spreng and Andrews-Hanna, 2015; Fingelkurts et al., 2020) are also compromised, with an inhibition or reduction of personhood and agency that leads to enhanced cognitive flexibility and emotional lability (Carhart-Harris and Nutt, 2017; Carhart-Harris and Friston, 2019). 2018) found that it reduced costly punishment by increasing the participants' concern for the outcome of interacting partners. Hence, potentially toxic secondary metabolites in fungi and plants might be actively selected by animals to achieve homeostasis. Master your assignments quickly with thousands of step-by-step solutions to countless textbook questions asked and answered by our members. Accounting Practice Set II - Biology Forums Resource Library. There are also hints that lifetime psychedelic use is associated with markers of physical health (self-reported overall health, body mass index, and heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months: Simonsson et al., 2021). Hallucinations under psychedelics and in the schizophrenia spectrum: an interdisciplinary and multiscale comparison. Charles, S. J., van Mulukom, V., Farias, M., Brown, J., Delmonte, R., Maraldi, E., et al.

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We argue this is the case because if early enhancements in the tendency to develop social links and cooperate in groups, in creativity, in non-verbal and linguistic expression, or suggestibility were actually produced by psychedelics (as suggested in the section on Psychedelic instrumentalization in the human socio-cognitive niche) they would have transformed the social environment, and thus the selection pressures, for ancient hominins. The presence of psychedelics in the early human diet may have also favored positive selection for exaggerated cortical plasticity – which apparently is a uniquely human derivation (Krubitzer, 2009) – and for the expansion of key functional networks involved in the enhancement of cognitive functions in humans compared to other primate species. This dynamic inevitably placed a higher strain on the serotonergic system given its involvement in facilitating stress relief and mental flexibility (Carhart-Harris and Nutt, 2017; Nilsson et al., 2019) by regulating perception, cognitive function, mood, memory, and social behavior (Berger et al., 2009; Friedman, 2018; Tricklebank and Daly, 2019). Both authors contributed to all aspects of the current manuscript. Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in Africa with description of a new species from the Congo. Sci Rep 10:2214. doi: 10. Once archaic humans developed religious and spiritual concerns (see following section on Facilitation of collective ritual and religious activities), psilocybin would have become even more useful given its intrinsic ability to produce mystical-type experiences involving the dissolution of self-boundaries and a sense of unity with others (Griffiths et al., 2006, 2011). Inventory records for dunbar incorporated revealed the following services. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 36, eds A. Nichols (Berlin: Springer), 221–256.

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This created the opportunity for what Schultz (2002) has referred to as "phylogenetic espionage" between plants, animals, and mushrooms, involving the capacity of animals to adaptively exploit potentially toxic fungal and vegetal secondary compounds. Striatal dopamine promotes social living and increases reward emanating from social interactions (Rilling and Sanfey, 2011). As argued by Ferreira Júnior et al. De Gregorio, D., Aguilar-Valles, A., Preller, K. H., Heifets, B. Inventory records for Dunbar Incorporated revealed - Gauthmath. D., Hibicke, M., Mitchell, J., et al. Functioning in this socio-cognitive niche thus required not just intelligence and technological know-how, but more importantly the capacity for cooperation among non-kin and social learning, eventually mediated by language (Barrett et al., 2007; Whiten and Erdal, 2012). 1177/0022167817709585.

Psilocybin, in particular, is exceptionally harmless. Goldberg, S. B., Shechet, B., Nicholas, C. R., Ng, C. W., Deole, G., Chen, Z., et al. Some instrumentalization goals proposed by the researchers include: improved social interaction; improved cognitive performance and counteracting fatigue; facilitated recovery and coping with psychological stress; and facilitation of spiritual and religious activities. Domnauer, C. The legume pod motif as a symbolic representation of the shamanic hallucinogen, Vilca (Anadenanthera spp. Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., et al. Skoggard, I., Ember, C. R., Pitek, E., Jackson, J. C., and Carolus, C. Resource stress predicts changes in religious belief and increases in sharing behavior. Weak phantasy and visionary phantasy: the phenomenological significance of altered states of consciousness. 2021) lends support to this hypothesis, showing that communitas – an intense sense of togetherness and shared humanity – mediates enduring increases in psychological well-being and social connectedness following psychedelic use in ceremonial retreats. Schmidt, A., Kometer, M., Bachmann, R., Seifritz, E., and Vollenweider, F. The NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions.

This article presents a model of adaptive utilization of psychedelics based on homeostatic and instrumentalization perspectives that explain potential selective advantages bestowed by psychedelics to hominins and archaic humans. The psychedelic instrumentalization model also proposes that psilocybin consumption had niche-constructing effects that imposed a systematic bias toward a socio-cognitive niche across the human evolutionary trajectory (see right side of Figure 1). The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy. McKenna (1992) proposed that psilocybin's effects stimulating visual acuity, sexual activity, and ecstatic/visionary experiences influenced hominins' foraging, sensitivity to community, as well as religious and spiritual concerns. Ec dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Van Ginneken, V., van Meerveld, A., Wijgerde, T., Verheij, E., de Vries, E., and van der Greef, J. Hunter-prey correlation between migration routes of African buffaloes and early hominids: evidence for the "Out of Africa" hypothesis. The socio-cognitive niche theory invokes the undeniable practical advantages of increased cognition, sociality, communication, and social learning in order to explain the evolution of human uniqueness. Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Undermining the ability of dominants to exploit others helped our ancestors replace hierarchical social dominance with a more equitable sociopolitical structure based on knowledge, conflict resolution, generosity, and status leveling mechanisms (Boehm, 1993). During the psychedelic state, there is also increased communication across the entire brain, which likely engages audiovisual synaesthesia and associative processing (Petri et al., 2014); and the altered integration of sensory perceptions facilitates novel experiences of self and environment, helping to reduce rigid or overly entrenched thinking patterns (De Gregorio et al., 2021a). Therefore, in smaller scale societies, psychedelic use is intimately linked with strategizing and decision-making through its central role in diagnostic, forecasting, and interventionist forms of divination. Niche-construction and gene-culture coevolutionary processes explain how dietary and societal incorporation of psychedelics may have become evolutionarily significant. The human striatum exhibits a unique neurochemical profile involving high dopamine levels, consistent with humans' distinctive ultrasociality (Raghanti et al., 2018). Psilocybin has a capacity to amplify these ecstatic and visionary thinking modalities through inducing ego-dissolution (Lebedev et al., 2015); a sense of connectedness (Carhart-Harris et al., 2018a); increased elementary and complex imagery (Kometer and Vollenweider, 2016); and entity-encounter occurrences (Lutkajtis, 2020).

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