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Disadvantages of Electron Beam Welding. The allowable positional tolerance must be less than half the beam diameter to ensure that the laser beam interacts with both sides of the joint. Joining of these metals by the then established welding processes of fusion welding resulted in the absorption of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen rapidly by reactive metals during the welding and post-weld cycles which resulted in their reduced ductility. While each technology has its benefits, in practical terms, many component designs incorporate both EB and laser welds. Tack Welding — Figure 20. Unlike EBW, LBW does not generate any X-rays and is easily manipulated with automation and robotics. Custom Part Fixturing and High Throughput Fixturing. This technology produces welds that are wider than those produced in a vacuum. The '300' series of steels are all readily welded by the electron beam process, exhibiting near parent metal strength and fusion zones free from cracks and porosity. Industry for Use: Nuclear Physics. EB Welding is Affordable. Some of the specific industrial applications of EBW include the welding of cluster gears, titanium compressor rotor and power shaft of a gas turbine engine, rocket engine injector made of aluminium alloy 5083, thermionic heating devices and for joining of high temperature metal components like columbium bellows. The elimination of ambient gases, combined with the energy density of the electron beam, easily creates very strong and aesthetically pleasing welds. In all these applications the process proved to be robust and flexible at the same time.

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Vapour hole with molten walls, shown in Fig. Solutions to specific weld challenges using the EB process will be shown. Although the additional material is located on the root surface, it will provide a positive top bead reinforcement. The use of electron beam welding can be found in virtually every market; aerospace, medical, automotive, nuclear, defence, oil and gas, civil engineering and even art.

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Conventional laser welding is done under atmospheric conditions with the help of inert gas shielding or a combination of gases. From a machine tool vendor's point of view these goals translate into different machine designs, such as welders for low to medium production or welders for mass production with short cycle times. Joining Technologies, Inc. 17 Connecticut South Drive. Puddle Welding — Figure 21. High strength: Provides complete fusion, low stress, and 100% penetration. Product Description: This assembly is a vacuum chamber used in a particle accelerator laboratory. Thus, the beam heats the parent metal which vaporizes the material and in turn, generates a so-called key-hole. It is truly a high-quality process for joining high-quality materials. Applications of Electron Beam Welding (EBW): All metals and alloys that can be fusion welded by other processes can, as a rule, be welded by EBW as well. These flanges, often with longer length than is necessary so as to accommodate part/process variation, add extra weight to vehicles that are already requiring weight reduction in order to meet upcoming federal standards (e. g., CAFÉ standards—fleet-wide average of 54. Modified Integral Backup — Figure 3. Usually no added filler material is required or used, and post-weld distortion is minimal.

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Puddle welding is accomplished by manual manipulation of the workpiece under the beam, at low power, to locally fuse surface defects in materials or welds. The weld fusion zone was made at a sufficient level of power to over-penetrate and produce a heavy consolidated internal bead. Electron beam welding's excellence at joining dissimilar materials comes into play at this point. This joint design may be used for materials as thin as 0. The pressure in the vacuum chamber is kept low to avoid energy loss when electrons collide with air molecules. Inspection Techniques. Phases during weld solidification. "Since most EB welding is performed inside a vacuum chamber, it is an excellent fit for joining advanced materials used in such industries as aerospace, power generation, medical and nuclear which need to be produced in a vacuum environment to protect them from oxygen and nitrogen found in an open air environment, " he said.

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This allows for a simple robot path. However, the focus position of the electron beam is dependent on various parameters as well as the accuracy of the gun assembly. Electron beam welding of the 316L Stainless Steel component satisfied the full penetration requirement of. The resultant welded joint is in affect a vacuum re-melted area of parent material. Contamination of the weld metal is likely to cause porosity or and cracking as well as deterioration of mechanical properties. Most penetration depths don't require filler material.

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For example, what spot size is needed for a given process? Electron beam welding uses a stream of finely focussed electrons to melt and fuse joint surfaces. Our machines are built and manufactured at our Cambridge Headquarters. Special shapes demanding deep penetration like the ones shown in Fig. However, in lieu of clamping, this offering comes equipped with "gap bridging" technology. A reliable and simple inspection method is also desirable. Laser beams require high welding speeds since it vaporises the base materials, creating fumes.

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An electron gun generates the beam through the use of magnetic fields. Where problems have occurred, they are probably linked to one of the following causes:-. An application that exploits the small electron beam cross-section is the joining of precision bellows of stainless steel to a tapered coupling. The fixturing required before welding is of the lightest construction as no forces are involved in the electron beam process. By aiming the beam at a joint and then moving the joint under the beam a fully homogeneous fusion of the mating surfaces can be achieved. Critical to this application is a partial, constant weld penetration to prevent a breakthrough of the beam and keep the front of the implant absolutely vapor and splatter free.

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The specification and combination of weld parameters determine the maximum material thickness. A Virginia nuclear physics laboratory asked us to improve the quality of welds in vacuum chambers used in its' research equipment. The use of 4000 series aluminum filler wire changes the metallurgy and prevents cracking. The tack weld is also helpful in maintaining the concentricity of mating parts in rotary welds, although an interference fit is preferred. Hence, the independent measuring beam characteristics like beam current, beam current density distribution, beam-width, beam brightness system become more popular in industry (Fig. This welding technology is achieved by having only the electron beam gun inside a vacuum box while the workpiece itself remains outside of the vacuum chamber. If welding through the top sheet (3 in Figure 2), the laser beam must penetrate through the top sheet and into the bottom sheet, and all that energy spent penetrating the top sheet doesn't add any weld strength. Filler wire is sometimes used to increase the fillet size. 2 gives a schematic representation of most of the components of a typical EBW gun.

Most materials will lose some of their mechanical properties after welding so an assessment of strength requirements will need to be made. An electrostatic field, generated by a negatively charged filament and bias cup and a positively charged anode, accelerates the electrons to about 50% to 80% of the speed of light and shapes them into a beam. It is essential to widen the beam to ensure a fusion of both abutting surfaces of the weld joint. Based on the ability to control the beam location relative to the joint and utilize oscillation, it provides a melt pool that "floats" on the workpiece (FIGURE 4). The control system is also dependent upon production requirements and is fully computer-controlled. The step typically is on the order of 0.

LBW is normally performed with argon or helium shielding gases to prevent oxidation. According to John Rugh, LBW is commonly used for welding steel sheet metal components and machined components under 1/3" to 1/2" thick. Typical welding spot sizes are from 50 to 900 µm in diameter. Heat Treatment | Stress Relief. Scribe lines are used to locate the internal weld joint. Keep a gap of maximum 0. Basic Square Groove Welds. Filler wire diameters are generally small with a maximum of about 0-5 mm and the wire is fed into the leading edge of the small weld pool. Also, for a given penetration and gun-to-work distance helium shielding permits welding at a significantly higher welding speed. That also ensures self aligning.

Only weld electrically conductive materials (no glass, ceramics or synthetics). Geoffrey Young, General Manager of Cambridge Vacuum Engineering (MA), said, "We are seeing many modern passenger car and commercial vehicle engines that are being equipped with turbochargers. The size of the focus spot is determined by the following equation: Fiber diameter × Focal length/Collimation length = Focus diameter. Best of all, Sciaky's custom EB welding services are competitively priced and offer tremendous advantages over smaller job shops in terms of equipment and expertise. Figure 3 shows some typical laser welding joint configurations.

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My two sharks love it so far the only 3 live rock I have in there at the... So we have had the banded cat shark egg a month or so watching it grow inside.

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How did an epaulette shark lay eggs when there were no males nearby? Our scientists had only one other explanation: the mother shark cloned herself in a process known as parthenogenesis. These baby sharks live behind the scenes, but you can come visit all the other amazing sharks in the Science of Sharks exhibit today. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content.

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In case you missed it: Anna our green anaconda gave birth via parthenogenesis this spring). I have a 2 foot Coral Cat shark she is a little over 2 years old and I raised her from a egg. I am new to this forum. I will keep you posted on any developments and hopefully we will have a clean run!

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